The Dharmarajika Stupa the Great Buddhist stupa in Taxila, Pakistan. It was built over the relics of the Buddha by Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. along with the large monastic complex that later developed around it, forms part of the Ruins of Taxila - which were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The stupa was believed to have been reestablished in the 2nd century CE during the Kushan era in order to house relics of the Buddha, which may have been sourced from earlier monuments. Buddhist texts mention that frankincense was used during religious services at Dharmarajika, while the complex was paved with colourful glass tiles. Indo-Greek coins found at the site date from the 2nd century BCE. The site was devastated by the White Huns in the 5th century CE, and then abandoned.The White Huns destroyed not only Taxilan sites, but also devastated nearby cities.

The city of Sirkap was built by the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius after he invaded modern-day Pakistan around 180 BC. Demetrius founded an Indo-Greek kingdom that was to last until around 10 BC. Sirkap is also said to have been rebuilt by king Menander I. The excavation of the old city was carried out under the supervision of Sir John Marshall by Hergrew from 1912–1930. In 1944 and 1945 further parts were excavated by Mortimer Wheeler and his colleagues. Most of the discoveries at Sirkap related to the Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian periods (1st-2nd century CE). Overall excavations to the Greek levels have been very limited, and probably much remains hidden underground: in Sirkap, only about one eighth of the excavations were made down to the Indo-Greek and early Indo-Scythian levels, and this only in an area far removed from the centre of the ancient city, where few discoveries could be expected

Jaulian is a ruined Buddhist monastery dating from the 2nd century CE, located in Taxila, in Pakistan. Jaulian, along with the nearby monastery at Mohra Muradu, form part of the Ruins of Taxila – a collection of excavations that were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The monastic establishment at Jaulian comprises of the main sacred area with a central stupa and twenty-seven smaller votive stupas, and a monastery with two courtyards with monk cells and numerous chapels. The monastery at Jaulian remained one of the world’s oldest universities, which attracted students from the subcontinent and beyond, from Central and Southeast Asia as well as China. The monuments in Jaulian are highly ornamented and in a better state of preservation. Some of the finest stucco sculptures have been shifted to Taxila Museum for display including findings like fragments of a Buddhist manuscript written in Sanskrit language, Brahmi characters of 5th century and copper coins.